Background and Aim: Consumption of the epidermis (COE) is defined as thinning of the epidermis with attenuation of the basal and suprabasal layers and loss of rete ridges in areas of direct contact with malignant melanocytes. The aim of this study was to investigate the importance of COE as an additional diagnostic criterion for malignant melanoma and to evaluate its relationship to clinicopathological findings.Methodes: The age, gender, localization of the lesion and the histopathological parameters such as tumor type, Breslow thickness, ulceration, and Clark’s level were recoeded in 90 malignant melanoma cases.Results: In contrast to other studies, we found that COE was more common in tumors with an acral localization and in the acral lentiginous melanoma.Conclusion: Although COE can be used as a pathological criterion in the diagnosis of malignant melanoma, but no correlation no of COE with ulceration and other prognostic factors were found.

Introduction: Long-term clinical evaluation of dental implants and their surrounding structures is of utmost importance to acquire knowledge about reasons for implant success and failure.However, accurate and reproducible results are difficult to obtain. The aim of the present study was to examine bone height around endosseous implants on digital conventional radiographs (DCR) and direct digital subtraction images (DSI) prior to loading.Materials and methods: In this experimental study, bone height around 10 implants in 6 patients was assessed by 2 observers. Standardized digital radiographs were obtained just a week and 3 months postoperatively and subtracted by means of EMAGO software. Then the observers evaluated bone height on DCRs and DSIs. MINITAB software and paired t-test were used for statistical analysis (a=0.05).Results: Comparative evaluation of bone height indicated significantly higher values on DCR than on DSI (p value=0.002). The observers also had statistically significant variability in this assessment (p value=0.00003).Conclusion: DSI demonstrated lower values of linear measurement of bone height around endosseous implants compared with DCR. Interobserver variability should be considered when comparing values from follow-up studies.

Life in today's world is not possible without access to information. Information and related technologies cover all walks of life in the present age. The purpose of this study is to assess digital literacy and consumption of digital content and to investigate the relationship between them among graduate students of Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman in the academic year of 2019-2020. According to the number of people in the statistical community (nearly 6000 people), according to the Cochran table, only 360 people in the community were selected as a sample by simple random sampling and based on the availability and interest in participating in the study. Two questionnaires were used to collect data. The first is the translation of the standard questionnaire of Dundee University, which was prepared for conducting research on digital literacy, and the second questionnaire was developed by a researcher and developed with the cooperation of experienced and expert professors in this field. The reliability of the questionnaires was calculated using Cronbach's alpha method and the result indicates that the questionnaires have a high reliability. The research findings indicate that all components of digital literacy, i. e. cooperation and sharing of digital content, information retrieval, quality evaluation of information (online interaction and online tools), information management and information and understanding and participation in digital activities among Graduate students of Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman are average. Also, the four components of digital content consumption, including infrastructure, level of access and retrieval, the rate of consumption of digital content and templates are in the middle level and the component of consumption management is below average. The results show that there is an increasing (direct) and significant relationship between the components of understanding and participating in digital activities, information retrieval, collaboration and sharing of digital content, information management and information with the consumption of digital content. But there is no significant relationship between the component of quality evaluation of information (online interaction and online tools) and the consumption of digital content.

Objective: This research aims to design a cognitive map of Iranian Generation Z consumption behavior based on digital lifestyle using fuzzy cognitive mapping method. Digital lifestyle affects daily and long-term consumption, consumer behavior can be the basis for individual decision-making for brand products.Method: This research was conducted in two phases, qualitative and quantitative. In the qualitative part, interviews were conducted with 15 academic experts. In the quantitative phase, causal maps of Iranian Generation Z were extracted. 30 questionnaires were distributed among Iranian Generation Z in August 2025.Findings: Coding was done manually using MAXQDA software. In the next quantitative step, to calculate the level of influence, influence capacity, and centrality index, the calculated weights for 56 subcategories were used in a matrix format as input to FCMapper software.Conclusion: The results obtained indicate that the variables of influencers, multimedia habits and literacy, brand loyalty and support, brand promotions, online purchases and payments, purchase intention, brand experience, purchase behavior, brand acceptance, new technology, attitudes and preferences, brand engagement, beliefs and values, artificial intelligence, and motivation have the highest level of influence, capacity for influence, and centrality index, respectively.

Background & Aim: The majority of carious lesions are not well-defined radiolucencies. Approximately 40% demineralization is required for radiographic detection of a lesion. The actual depth of penetration of carious lesion is deeper than may be detected radiographically. However, digital subtraction images permit to detect 1-5% decrease of mineral mass per unit volume. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the accuracy of digital subtraction radiography in the detection of dental demineralization in vitro.Methods & Materials: This study was based on observational-diagnostic method which was done on 30 extracted human teeth, categorized in two groups A and B, each having 15 members. In each of teeth, one approximal enamel demineralization lesion was induced using an acidified system (PH=4.8). Direct digital radiography were obtained under standardized condition of teeth before demineralization. After 7 days, the teeth of group B and after 42 days, group A removed from acid and new radiographs were taken. The images of the 7th and 42nd days were subtracted from the baseline radiograph (before creation of the lesion). Then teeth were histologically evaluated. Direct digital and subtraction images were interpreted by three observers to detect presence or absence of the lesion, then the diagnostic accuracy of both methods was determined.Results: After 7 days, the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for incipient lesions in direct digital radiography were 0%, 80%, 40%, 0% and 44% respectively and in digital subtraction radiography were 66.7%, 86.7%, 76.7%, 83.4% and 72.3% respectively. However after 42 days the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of both methods were 100%.Conclusion: Digital subtraction radiography has a fairly acceptable accuracy in detection ofthe incipient proximal lesions in comparison with DDR. For moderate proximal lesions DSR has the same accuracy as DDR.

Since the evaluation of the diversity indicators in consumption of medicinal species by the beneficiary’s households and its driving factors is of utmost importance in marketing, multi-purpose planning of rangelands and sustainable development, a questionary-based study was carried out to determine the diversity indices of medicinal species consumption in settled nomadic communities living under different management and livelihood situations in the rangelands of Dyvaroeieh in Bardsir township, Kerman province, Iran. To this end, the medicinal species consumed by each household (as a study unit) in addition to the diversity indicators of consumption (i.e., dominance coefficient and Shannon-Weiner index) were evaluated under two management sites comprising Rangeland Management Plan (RMP) (i.e.,Dvyaroeieh 1) and the nearest adjacent rangeland without RMP (i.e., Dyvaroeieh 2, as control treatment ) and three livelihood levels (i.e., very poor (<50 million Rials monthly income), poor (50-100 million Rials monthly income) and moderate (100-150 million Rials monthly income)) under factorial test in SPSS software environment. The study's results revealed that both of management and livelihood factors can be applied by manager to increase diversity indices in medicinal plants consumed by beneficiaries. More specifically, management through RMP was more powerful and effective tool in this way. Therefore, it could conceivably be argued that RMP can be considered as a driving factor in increasing the diversity of medicinal plant consumption and also be a suitable platform to meet the needs and demands of rangelands’ beneficiaries in this field.

The growing threat of climate change necessitates urgent action to mitigate carbon emissions, particularly in major emitters like China, which has implemented significant carbon reduction policies, including a carbon emission trading policy. Simultaneously, the fast-paced expansion of the digital economy has prompted businesses to undergo digital transformation, serving as an important catalyst for economic growth, although its influence on energy consumption is still unclear. This study investigates whether the carbon emission trading policy influences energy consumption by facilitating this digital transformation. Analyzing data from 283 Chinese cities between 2006 and 2019, the research employs a multi-time-point difference-in-difference model to assess the policy's direct effects on energy consumption, with digital transformation measured through annual report analysis. The results demonstrate that the CO2 trading policy substantially increases urban energy consumption (UEC), with digital transformation playing a partial mediating role in this relationship. The study's novel use of a multi-time-point DID model enables a nuanced analysis of the heterogeneous impacts of the staggered carbon trading policy rollout on energy consumption across Chinese cities, providing robust insights to inform effective climate policy design. Furthermore, the regulatory effect analysis indicates that the higher the degree of digital transformation, the more significant the promotion effect of the carbon emission trading policy on energy consumption, suggesting that digital transformation amplifies the policy's impact. Notable regional disparities in science and technology, internet availability, and government involvement result in different effects of carbon trading policies on energy consumption. The study shows the important role of digital economy transformation in carbon emission policies and proposes that regional characteristics should be fully considered when formulating policies to achieve more effective carbon emission reduction and energy structure optimization.

A new structure is presented for digital delta-sigma modulator (DDSM). Novel architecture decreases hardware consumption, output quantization noise and spurs in Comparison to previous architectures. In order to reduce the delay, power consumption and increase maximum working frequency, the pipelining technique and the carry skip adder are used. Simulation proposed architecture shows that the quantization noise is declined as 15dB compared to 13-bit conventional third-order modulator. Furthermore, the results of digital implementation report significant reduction in the hardware consumption, the power consumption and increase 3 times in the maximum working frequency.

High gain Balun-low-noise-amplifier (LNA) is proposed for tuner of digital televisions (DTVs). The proposed Balun-LNA is based on CS-CG (common-source-common-gate) structure. To improve the isolasion and frequency response, Balun-LNA has cascode transistors before load resistors. Balun-LNA uses current-bleeding circuit to increasie transconductance of CS transistor, so that current-bleeding transistor has transconductance of N-1 times larger than transconductance of cascode transistor. Thereby, transconductance and current of CS transistor are increased N times, as N-1 times of current pass to current-bleeding transistor. Therefore current of CG and CS stages stay identical. Also, Balun-LNA employs a positive feedback to satisfy input impedance matching and CG transistor has higher transconductance. By increasing transconductance of CS and CG transistors, the proposed Balun-LNA achieves to high voltage gain. Accordingly, CG and CS tansistors have symmetrical currents and loads at the differential output of the proposed Balun-LNA. Symmetrical loads cause the balanced differential outputs. This proposed Balun-LNA is designed in 90-nm CMOS technology and covers the frequency range of 40 MHz to 1GHz. This Balun-LNA achieves the voltage gain of 22.6 dB, S11 of less than -10 dB and the Minimum NF of 5 dB. This Balun-LNA operates at the nominal supply voltage of 2.2v.